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Flies of North Florida are More Diverse than You’d Think

by Rob Diaz de Villegas March 1, 2022
Flies of North Florida are More Diverse than You’d Think

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This is the order of insects (Diptera) that includes mosquitos, gnats, yellow flies, fruit flies- all our favorite pestilence. Like all animals, they evolved by finding a niche that allowed them to survive as best they could. When I started photographing insects in my yard, though, I found that flies to be a more a diverse lot than I had thought. Many have found niches that actually benefit humans. So, they’re not all bad (from a human point of view).

What I’m going to highlight on this page are the many flies I see in my north Florida yard (also a few others). It’s not a list of every fly in the panhandle; instead, this is a list of common species you may encounter in your own yard or while out and about. Flies are predators, decomposers, pollinators, and parasites. You may find that, like me, you’ll like a few species much more than others.

I’ve broken this list up by family, and a couple by a higher taxon. The order in which I’m presenting them is based on, honestly, the ones I like best. These are some of the superstars in my yard. Again, that’s my human point of view. There is a benefit beyond what any individual insect provides, and that’s diversity. Here we see many different animals filling many different niches, each an individual piece of a complex backyard food web.

Syrphid Flies, aka Hoverflies (Syrphidae)

Here’s a family of insects that provide two useful services in the garden.

Adult hoverflies are pollinators. You may notice an insect fly onto a flower, leaning in to see what looks at first to be a small bee. Hoverflies mimic bees and wasps, and can be kind of ornate.

Then there’s syrphid larvae. Hoverflies first came to my attention when I saw a larva eating aphids on a milkweed plant. It had picked up one of the little orange milkweed aphids and was shaking it back and forth. Behind it I could see little white “aphid skeletons,” a trail of death and destruction.

Syrphid larva eating a milkweed aphid on a milkweed plant.
Syrphid larva eating a milkweed aphid on a milkweed plant.

Since then, I’ve noticed a couple of different species of syrphid larvae attacking aphids on different plants. I’ve even seen adults hover next to an infested plant, and go into to press their abdomens onto the plants and lay eggs.

By including plenty of flowers, especially some of the smaller ones they like, they’ll be in your yard noticing those aphids feeding on your plants.

Oblique stripetail (Allograpta obliqua)

Oblique stripetail (Allograpta obliqua), a hoverfly species, on a fanpetal bud.
Oblique stripetail (Allograpta obliqua), a hoverfly species, on a fanpetal bud.

Below is a larva from this genus of hoverflies. I uploaded the photos into iNaturalist, thinking it was a caterpillar eating a pepper plant. I also photographed aphids on the plant. It turns out this was a different species of syrphid larva than I’d been seeing on our milkweed. Within a week, there were no more aphids on that plant.

Syrphid larva from the Allograpta genus (streaktails).
Syrphid larva from the Allograpta genus (streaktails).

Dusky-winged hoverfly (Ocyptamus fuscipennis)

Dusky hoverfly (Ocyptamus fuscipennis) on scarlet salvia.
Dusky hoverfly (Ocyptamus fuscipennis) on scarlet salvia.

This is the hoverfly I notice most in the yard. Looking it up on bugguide.net, I see that most likely these are the syrphid larvae I always see on our milkweed.

Eupeodes americanus complex

A hoverfly in the Eupeodes americanus complex.
A hoverfly in the Eupeodes americanus complex.

Margined calligrapher (Toxomerus marginatus)

Thin-lined calligrapher (Toxomerus boscii).
Margined calligrapher (Toxomerus marginatus) on red salvia.

Scarlet sage attracts multiple species of hoverfly, along with bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. This is one of four hoverflies in the Toxomerus genus I’ve photographed in Tallahassee.

Thin-lined calligrapher (Toxomerus boscii)

Thin-lined calligrapher (Toxomerus boscii) at Elinor Klapp-Phipps Park

Eastern Calligrapher (Toxomerus geminatus)

Eastern Calligrapher ( Toxomerus geminatus)
Eastern Calligrapher (Toxomerus geminatus), a type of hoverfly.

Maize Calligrapher (Toxomerus politus)

Maize Calligrapher (Toxomerus politus) at Proof Brewery in Tallahassee.

This was maybe the last place I expected to find a hoverfly. We went to meet another family at Proof when I looked down and saw this Maize calligrapher on our table.

Carolinian elegant (Meromacrus acutus)

Carolinian elegant (Meromacrus acutus), a hoverfly, in our compost bin.
Carolinian elegant (Meromacrus acutus), a hoverfly, in our compost bin.

A friend of mine sent me a photo of this species of hoverfly, which was hanging around his compost bin (I’m that guy who has friends who send him photos of insects to ID). Shortly after, I was surprised to find the same species in our compost. After a little bit of Google searching, I found several instances of people saying they found these insects near compost, even if I couldn’t find a page that said definitively that their larvae eat compost.

Northern Plushback (Palpada vinetorum)

Northern Plushback (Palpada vinetorum), a bee lookalike, or mimic, on Bidens alba.
Northern Plushback (Palpada vinetorum) on Bidens alba.

Black-shouldered Drone Fly (Eristalis dimidiata)

Black-shouldered Drone Fly Eristalis dimidiata
Black-shouldered Drone Fly (Eristalis dimidiata) at the Fred George Basin Greenway.

Four-Speckled Hover Fly (Dioprosopa clavata)

Four-Speckled Hover Fly (Dioprosopa clavata) on fennel flowers.
Four-Speckled Hover Fly (Dioprosopa clavata) on fennel flowers.

Bee Flies (Bombyliidae)

Here is a second family of flies that mimics the look of bees. Like hoverflies, bee fly adults are pollinators. Their larvae, however, parasitize other insects. As I’ve been learning more about insects in recent years, I’ve been surprised how many insects “grow up” inside of other insects or their nests, eating the young of other species.

Tiger bee fly (Xenox tigrinus)

Tiger bee fly (Xenox tigrinus) near carpenter bee nest.
Tiger bee fly (Xenox tigrinus) near carpenter bee nest.

One day (June 1, 2021 if you want to see it on the Backyard Blog) I saw a pollen covered carpenter bee entering a nest in our fence. Some time later, I saw this vicious looking bee fly lurking near the nest. At the time I didn’t know much about bee flies, but I was curious about what was happening here, and I read up on them.

Like many other parasitoid breeders, tiger bee flies have a specific species on which they host- in this case, carpenter bees. Right around the time of day I saw this bee fly, I saw a molted carpenter bee carapace sticking out of the round hole in the fence. At the time, I thought that this was a mother bee fly looking to lay eggs in the nest, but had come too late- the bees had already emerged. Now I wonder if, instead, this tiger bee fly wasn’t the insect that emerged from the carapace.

Villa genus (Banded Bee Flies)

Bee fly in the genus Villa, Klapp-Phipps Park.

Villa is the closest looking ID for the insect below as well, though no other user came up with an ID more specific than its subfamily.

Bee fly in the Subfamily Anthracinae
Bee fly in the Subfamily Anthracinae, on a blazingstar in the Munson Sandhills.

Genus Poecilognathus

Bee fly in the genus Poecilognathus, possibly a hairless bee fly (Poecilognathus unimaculatus), Munson Sandhills.
Bee fly in the genus Poecilognathus, possibly a hairless bee fly (Poecilognathus unimaculatus), Munson Sandhills.

Robber Flies (Asilidae)

Robber flies are, to me, cool looking predators. I like seeing them in the garden, even if I have seen them go after and catch my beloved bees. A well rounded food web has layers and layers of predators and prey. Sometimes the ones we like are the prey.

Hanging Thieves (Diogmites)

Hanging thief with either a metallic sweat bee or a cuckoo wasp.
Hanging thief (maybe Diogmites misellus) with either a metallic sweat bee or a cuckoo wasp.

I have better photos of this insect, but this one better shows how it hunts. Hanging thieves hold on under leaves, lying in wait for a passing insect, which they grab with their other legs.

Ommatius

A robber fly in the genus Ommatius
A robber fly in the genus Ommatius

Soldier Flies (Stratiomyidae)

Soldier fly larvae are typically found in decaying plant matter, which they eat. They aid in the decomposition process, helping to build soil.

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)

This is the best known and most welcome of the soldier flies. During the warmer months, you may see these flies hanging out near your compost pile. Their larvae consume your rotting fruits and veggies, pooping out compost.

Here they are in action:

Merosargus caeruleifrons

Merosargus caeruleifrons, a soldier fly, on a squash leaf.
Merosargus caeruleifrons, a soldier fly, on a squash leaf.

Sargus

A soldier fly in the Sargus genus.
A soldier fly in the Sargus genus.

Long-Legged Flies (Dolichopodidae)

Long-legged fly (genus Condylostylus) on chamberbitter.
Long-legged fly (genus Condylostylus) on chamberbitter.

I’ve seen quite a few long-legged flies of different colors around the yard. I rarely get an iNaturalist ID more specific than the genus Condylostylus. These shiny metallic flies are hunters, with many species going after aphids.

Long-legged fly
Long-legged fly

Stilt-Legged Flies (Micropezidae)

Some stilt-legged fly species eat decomposing fruit or dung, while others are predators. I haven’t found species-specific information for every species I’ve identified- more incentive to keep observing!

Taeniaptera trivittata, a stilt legged fly.
Taeniaptera trivittata, a stilt-legged fly.

Rainieria antennaepes

Possibly Rainieria antennaepes, a stilt-legged fly.
Rainieria antennaepes, a stilt-legged fly.

These are detritivores, helping to break down plant matter in the yard space.

Bristle Flies, aka Tachinid Flies (Tachinidae)

Here is another family of parasitoid breeders, though from what I read, they don’t usually have a specific host species.

Trichopoda lanipes

Trichopoda lanipes, a bristle fly
Trichopoda lanipes, a bristle fly, on Devil’s walkingstick.

I think this is one of the coolest looking flies I have ever seen. Here’s another look:

Trichopoda lanipes, a bristle fly
Trichopoda lanipes, a bristle fly

Genus Archytas

Fly in the genus Archytas.
Fly in the genus Archytas.

The bristle fly above this one (Trichopoda lanipes) looks so sleek and elegant. This one is beautiful in its own way. According to BugGuide, Archytas hosts on moths.

Euantha litturata

Euantha litturata, a bristle fly.
Euantha litturata, a bristle fly.

Crane Flies (Infraorder Tipulomorpha)

Crane fly larvae break down organic matter by consuming it, in freshwater or semi-aquatic environments.

Nephrotoma wulpiana

Crane fly, likely Nephrotoma wulpiana
Crane fly, likely Nephrotoma wulpiana

Flesh Flies (Family Sarcophagidae)

Not sure, but possibly two flesh flies (Sarcophaga carnaria), mating.
Mating flesh flies.

Another species iNaturalist users couldn’t pin down. Flesh flies eat dung, open wounds, or decomposing mammal flesh. This photograph was taken when we still had a dog. I have no strong desire to see these insects in the yard again, but I do miss dung beetles.

Horse and Deer Flies (Family Tabanidae)

Tabanus gladiator, a horse fly

Tabanus gladiator, a horse fly
Tabanus gladiator, a horse fly

Lauxaniid Flies (Family Lauxaniidae)

Small orange fly, likely a lauxaniid Fly.
Lauxaniid Fly.

No specific ID here, either. Lauxaniid flies eat leaf litter, so this is another helpful decomposer.

Non-Biting Midges (Family Chironomidae)

A non-biting midge in the genus Chironomus.
A non-biting midge in the genus Chironomus.

The iNaturalist description says that individual species of this genus can only be told apart by examining their chromosomes. Non-biting midges are decomposers in freshwater or semi-aquatic environments. Semi-aquatic environments can include tree holes or other places where water may stand.

Chironomus larva found in bird bath.
Chironomus larva found in bird bath.

I found this larva while dumping out the bird bath. It had become scummy and I saw mosquito larvae swimming in it. This scummy water, I guess, qualifies as a semi-aquatic environment. iNaturalist suggested Chironomus as the ID. I ID’d two adults in the yard in March and April of 2021; this was found in May of 2021.

Blow Flies (Family Calliphoridae)

Oriental latrine fly (Chrysomya megacephala)

Oriental latrine fly (Chrysomya megacephala) on beebalm.
Oriental latrine fly (Chrysomya megacephala) on beebalm.

This is a nonnative known for infesting corpses soon after death. Their larvae feed on feces, meat, and fish. I do often see adults on flowers. When we had a dog, an incentive to pick poop up quickly was that these flies would swarm the poop, and then fly onto our food plants.

Fruit Flies (Family Tephritidae)

Genus Xanthaciura

Xanthaciura, a genus of fruit flies.
Xanthaciura, a genus of fruit flies.

A more colorful insect than we might associate with fruit flies.

Gnats and Allies (Infraorder Bibionomorpha)

I don’t think I’ve ever thought to photograph a mosquito (rather than try and swat it), but this is their group (EDIT 9/12/22- I did photograph a fly that turned out to be a native species of mosquito).

Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites rutilus)

Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites rutilus), a large, iridescent species of mosquito, on anise hyssop flower.
Elephant Mosquito (Toxorhynchites rutilus) on anise hyssop flower.

I saw this large fly pollinating my anise hyssop plant. Its shape reminded me of a robber fly of some sort, so imagine my surprise when it turned out to be a native species of mosquito.

Common Lovebug (Plecia nearctica)

Common lovebug (Plecia nearctica) on pentas flower.
Common lovebug (Plecia nearctica) on pentas flower.

Here’s an insect we see a lot of during their peak flying months. Sometimes we see them in the garden rather than on our windshields. Here’s another species listed as native to the US on iNaturalist, but as also native to most of the hemisphere. Reading the article (iNaturalist’s “About” section is taken from Wikipedia), lovebugs were first found in the US in 1911, spreading from Texas to the rest of the American southeast. Other sources also have lovebugs originating in South American and spreading through the US in the 20th Century.

Polystepha, a gall midge

Possibly a gall midge from the Polystepha genus.
A gall midge from the Polystepha genus.

Just as gall wasps inject their eggs into leaves and stems, so do gall midges. Also like gall wasps, a chemical forms a structure in the plant material to house the larvae. Next time you rake leaves, pick up a few and take a look. Between gall wasps and midges, and moths that attach small chrysalids to leaves, there may be more life there than you’d expect.

Dark-winged fungus gnat (Family Sciaridae)

Dark-winged fungus gnat (Family Sciaridae)
Dark-winged fungus gnat (Family Sciaridae)

Sometimes iNaturalist can only give us a general identification. This is common with groups of smaller insects, and I do read on its page that it’s not a well studied family. It says they are pests in mushroom farms and found in household plant pots.

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Dig Deeper into Backyard Ecology

What can we do to invite butterflies, birds, and other wildlife into our yards? And what about the flora and fauna that makes its way into our yards; the weeds, insects, and other critters that create the home ecosystem? WFSU Ecology Blog takes a closer look.

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Apps and Citizen Science mentioned in the Backyard Blog

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Identify plants, animals, lichens, and fungi in your yard. Other users correct your identifications if you’re wrong, and even if they don’t, it can be a good springboard to further research.

Seek by iNaturalist

Instant identification, and it doesn’t record your location. This is a good option for kids with phones.

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Enter information about monarch caterpillars in your yard, and help researchers get a sense of the health of the monarch population that year, and how and when they’re migrating.

Great Sunflower Project

Record the number of pollinators visiting your flowers, and help researchers map pollinator activity across the country.

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iNaturalist became a part of the WFSU Ecology Blog during the EcoCitizen Project in 2019.  Since then, we’ve used it to help identify the many plants and animals we see on our shoots.  And on the Backyard Blog, we show how it can be used to identify weeds and garden insects, to help figure out what’s beneficial or a possible pest.  Below is the iNaturalist profile belonging to WFSU Ecology producer Rob Diaz de Villegas.

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